游愛平1,劉義2 作者單位:1 435000 湖北黃石,黃石市婦幼保健院婦產(chǎn)科2 430022 湖北武漢,華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科
【摘要】目的 探討雌激素對(duì)卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白Alzheimer樣磷酸化的影響。方法 18只雌性成年SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為卵巢去勢(shì)組(OVX組)、卵巢去勢(shì)+17-β雌二醇組(OVX+17-βE2組)和假手術(shù)組(Sham-OVX組),OVX組和OVX+17-βE2組動(dòng)物卵巢切除后10天起分別皮下注射生理鹽水0.1ml/d、17-β雌二醇20μg/(kg·d)。Sham-OVX組動(dòng)物只切開腹膜不切除卵巢,手術(shù)后10天起分別皮下注射生理鹽水0.1ml/d 。各組動(dòng)物連續(xù)用藥5周后利用免疫印跡(Western Blot)和免疫組化方法檢測(cè)tau蛋白在大鼠海馬區(qū)tau-1(Ser199/Ser202)位點(diǎn)非磷酸化和PHF-1(Ser396/Ser404)位點(diǎn)磷酸化情況。結(jié)果 (1)免疫印跡結(jié)果顯示,OVX組tau蛋白在海馬區(qū)tau-1位點(diǎn)非磷酸化水平較OVX+17β-E2組和Sham-OVX組分別減少53%和57%(P<0.01, P<0.01),OVX+17-βE2組和Sham-OVX組之間差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);OVX組tau蛋白在海馬區(qū)PHF-1位點(diǎn)磷酸化水平較Sham-OVX組增加1.7倍(P<0.01), 而OVX+17-βE2組也較Sham-OVX組增加1.75倍(P<0.01),OVX組和OVX+17-βE2組之間差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);(2)OVX組海馬區(qū)tau-1的表達(dá)較Sham-OVX組和OVX+17-βE2組明顯減弱,而OVX+17-βE2組與Sham-OVX組tau-1的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度差異無(wú)顯著性;OVX組海馬區(qū)PHF-1的表達(dá)較Sham-OVX組明顯增強(qiáng),而OVX+17-βE2組也較Sham-OVX組PHF-1的表達(dá)明顯增強(qiáng),OVX和OVX+17-βE2PHF-1的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度差異無(wú)顯著性。結(jié)論 雌激素缺乏可以導(dǎo)致大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白的過度磷酸化,但補(bǔ)充雌激素并不能逆轉(zhuǎn)tau蛋白的過度磷酸化。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 雌激素;阿爾茨海默病;tau蛋白;卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠;海馬
[Abstract] ob[x]jective To explore the effect of 17-β estradiol on Alzheimer-like phosphoryltion of tau in hippocampus of ovariectimized rats.Methods 18 adult female rats were randomly divided into ovariectomy group (OVX group), 17-β estradiol group (OVX+17-βE2 group) and sham ovariectomy group (Sham-OVX group). The rats of OVX group and OVX+17-βE2 group were bilaterally ovariectomized and treated with normal saline (0.1ml/d) and 17-β estradiol (20μg/kg/d) for 5 weeks resptecively. The rats of Sham-OVX group were just injected with normal saline (0.1ml/d) for 5 weeks without ovariectomy. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed for the phosphorylation of tau protein .Results (1) Western blotting results showed that as compared to OVX+17-βE2 group and Sham-OVX group, the non-phosphorylation of tau at tau-1(Ser199/Ser202) site in OVX group was decreased 53% and 57% resptecively (P<0.01, P<0.01). There was no difference between OVX+17-βE2 group and Sham-OVX group(P>0.05); The phosphorylation of tau at PHF-1 (Ser396/Ser404) site in OVX group and OVX+17-βE2 group were elevated significantly than that in Sham-OVX group (P<0.01, P<0.01). There was no difference between OVX group and OVX+17-βE2 group (P>0.05).(2) Immunohistochemical results showed that as compared to OVX+17-βE2 group and Sham-OVX group, the degree of tau-1 ex[x]pression in Hippocampus in OVX group was decreased significantly. There was no difference between OVX+17-βE2 group and Sham-OVX group; The degree of PHF-1 ex[x]pression in Hippocampus in OVX group and OVX+17-βE2 group were elevated significantly than that in sham-OVX group . There was no difference between OVX group and OVX+17-βE2 group . Conclusion The absence of estrogen may induce Alzheimer-like hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in ovariectimized rats brain hippocampus,while the complementarity of estrogen may not doubtless exert the protective effect of the Alzheimer-like phosphorylation of tau.
[Key words] estrogen;Alzheimer disease; tau proteins; ovariectimized rats; hippocampus
阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是以神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能和結(jié)構(gòu)逐步喪失和萎縮為特征的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,臨床表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性的認(rèn)知功能障礙。大量研究結(jié)果顯示,男女AD患病率存在明顯的差異,女性的發(fā)病率為男性的2~3倍,且絕大多數(shù)女性患者于絕經(jīng)后發(fā)病,提示雌激素缺乏與該病發(fā)生有關(guān)。但雌激素缺乏引起認(rèn)知功能障礙和AD發(fā)生的機(jī)理還不十分清楚。以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[1],雌激素缺乏可導(dǎo)致雌性大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白Alzheimer樣過度磷酸化。為此,本研究擬通過建立卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠模型,探討雌激素對(duì)卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白Alzhemer樣磷酸化的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 動(dòng)物的分組和模型的建立
雌性成年SD大鼠18只,隨機(jī)分為三組,每組6只。(1)去卵巢組(OVX組):大鼠用10%水合氯醛(3~4ml/kg)腹腔注射麻醉,切除雙側(cè)卵巢,手術(shù)后10天起每只動(dòng)物皮下注射生理鹽水0.1ml/d;(2)17-β雌二醇組(OVX+17-βE2組):雙側(cè)卵巢切除術(shù)后10天起,皮下注射17-β雌二醇20μg/(kg·d)(Sigma公司);(3)假手術(shù)對(duì)照組(Sham-OVX組):動(dòng)物只切開腹膜不切除卵巢,手術(shù)10天后每只動(dòng)物皮下注射生理鹽水0.1ml/d。三組動(dòng)物連續(xù)給藥5周后觀察結(jié)果。
1.2 腦組織處理
每組取3只大鼠,用10%水合氯醛麻醉后斷頭,剪開顱骨剝離腦膜取腦,置冰盤上,從大腦后部頂端撥開皮層,可見兩側(cè)海馬,迅速分離海馬,置于-70℃凍存?zhèn)溆?。每組另外3只大鼠用10%水合氯醛麻醉后,經(jīng)左心室行主動(dòng)脈插管,快速灌入100ml生理鹽水0.01%肝素,后滴注4%多聚甲醛400ml進(jìn)行灌流固定,1h后取腦部組織(含海馬)于含有相同固定液的小瓶中后固定10h,行振蕩切片,厚度40μm。
1.3 免疫印跡(Western bloting) 分離的海馬稱重, 加入5倍體積勻漿液勻漿,其中含有pH 7.6 10mmol/L Tris鹽酸,50mmol/L NaCl,50mmol/L NaF,1mmol/L Na3VO4,1mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA),1mmol/L苯甲脒,1mmol/L苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF )和蛋白酶抑制劑混合物(含胰蛋白酶醛肽,亮胰酶肽,胃蛋白酶抑制劑A的濃度均為2mg/L)(中山生物工程有限公司)。三倍體積勻漿組織加一倍體積的上樣緩沖液[Tris.cl(pH 7.6)200mmol/L,8%SDS,40%甘油],在水浴中煮沸10min。溶解物12000r/min離心15min。取上清液加β巰基乙醇10mmol/L,用二喹啉甲酸(BCA)法(Rockford,IL,美國(guó))測(cè)定蛋白含量。10%的分離膠分離上清液中的蛋白,轉(zhuǎn)膜至硝酸纖維素膜(PVDF膜),將PVDF膜用3%脫脂牛奶室溫封閉1h,與抗體(檢測(cè)tau蛋白Ser396/Ser404位點(diǎn)磷酸化水平的鼠抗PHF-1抗體1:250稀釋;檢測(cè)tau蛋白在Ser199/Ser202非磷酸化水平的鼠抗Tau-1抗體1:1000稀釋,均由同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理生理教研室王建枝教授饋贈(zèng)),37℃孵育2h,堿性磷酸酶標(biāo)記羊抗鼠二抗(West Grove , PA ,美國(guó),1:1000稀釋)37℃孵育1h,用5溴-4氯-3吲哚基磷酸鹽/氮藍(lán)四唑(Rockford,IL,美國(guó))法顯色。蛋白條帶由柯達(dá)數(shù)字科技1D軟件進(jìn)行定量分析(Eastman Kodak Company,NewHaven,CT,美國(guó)),用總的光密度值表示蛋白條帶的量[2,3]。
1.4 免疫組化
采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SP法檢測(cè)Tau-1和PHF-1在大鼠海馬組織中的表達(dá)。二抗試劑盒購(gòu)自北京中山公司。實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟嚴(yán)格按照操作方法說明進(jìn)行。每張切片隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野,NIKON顯微鏡數(shù)碼顯微攝像后,用HMIAS-2000高清晰度彩色醫(yī)學(xué)圖文分析系統(tǒng)(千屏影像公司)對(duì)免疫組化陽(yáng)性染色的強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行測(cè)定。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(x±s)表示, 采用SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件ONEWAY ANOVA中LSD對(duì)各組進(jìn)行兩兩比較,P<0.05為差異有顯著性,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 免疫印跡(Western bloting)結(jié)果
OVX組tau蛋白在海馬區(qū)Tau-1位點(diǎn)非磷酸化水平較OVX+17-βE2組和Sham-OVX組分別減少53%和57%(P<0.01, P<0.01),OVX+17-βE2組和Sham-OVX組之間差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);OVX組tau蛋白在海馬區(qū)PHF-1位點(diǎn)磷酸化水平較Sham-OVX組增加1.7倍(P<0.01), 而OVX+17-βE2組也較Sham-OVX組增加1.75倍(P<0.01),OVX組和OVX+17-βE2組之間差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);表明雌激素缺乏可以導(dǎo)致大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白在Ser199/202和Ser396/404位點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生過度磷酸化。但補(bǔ)充雌激素并不能逆轉(zhuǎn)卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠tau蛋白過度磷酸化,見圖1。注:*OVX組與Sham-OVX組和OVX+17-βE2組比較, P<0.01;#OVX組與Sham-OVX組和OVX+17-βE2組比較, P<0.01圖1 三組大鼠tau蛋白在海馬區(qū)tau-1位點(diǎn)非磷酸化和PHF-1位點(diǎn)磷酸化水平
2.2 免疫組化結(jié)果
OVX組海馬區(qū)Tau-1的表達(dá)較Sham-OVX組和OVX+17-βE2組明顯減弱,而OVX+17-βE2組與Sham-OVX組tau-1的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度差異無(wú)顯著性,見圖2。OVX組海馬區(qū)PHF-1的表達(dá)較Sham-OVX組明顯增強(qiáng),而OVX+17-βE2組也較Sham-OVX組PHF-1的表達(dá)明顯增強(qiáng),OVX和OVX+17-βE2PHF-1的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度差異無(wú)顯著性,見圖3。
3 討論
Tau蛋白是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中含量高的微管相關(guān)蛋白,其正常功能是促進(jìn)微管蛋白組裝成微管,并維持微管的穩(wěn)定性。正常腦中tau蛋白的磷酸化程度是由蛋白激酶(催化磷酸化反應(yīng))和蛋白磷脂酶(催化去磷酸化反應(yīng))的活性來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)的。其中GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β)在tau蛋白過度磷酸化中起主要作用[4]。過度磷酸化tau蛋白在細(xì)胞內(nèi)聚集形成神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)(neurofibillary tangle, NFT),喪失其生理功能,導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能障礙和AD發(fā)生[5]。近年的研究表明,雌激素缺乏在AD發(fā)病中起著重要的作用[6],其機(jī)制可能通過多環(huán)節(jié)、多途徑影響tau蛋白的表達(dá)及表達(dá)后的修飾,導(dǎo)致tau蛋白過度磷酸化,從而影響AD發(fā)生、發(fā)展[7,8]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白在Ser199/202和Ser396/404位點(diǎn)均發(fā)生過度磷酸化,表明雌激素缺乏可引起tau蛋白過度磷酸化。其具體機(jī)制目前尚不清楚。國(guó)內(nèi)譚寧等[9]證實(shí),去卵巢大鼠因雌激素缺乏引起神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,caspase被激活。而活化的caspase可裂解tau蛋白,改變其空間構(gòu)象,因而更易聚集成團(tuán),并暴露出其磷酸化位點(diǎn),后被GSK-3β磷酸化形成NFT[10]。因此,推測(cè)雌激素缺乏可能啟動(dòng)了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),caspase被激活,繼而引起tau蛋白過度磷酸化。
目前,關(guān)于激素替代治療是否能改善絕經(jīng)后婦女認(rèn)知功能,預(yù)防和治療AD存在很大爭(zhēng)議。2002年由美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生院(NIH)婦女健康啟動(dòng)項(xiàng)目(the women's health initiative,WHI)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)、雙盲、對(duì)照的多中心研究結(jié)果表明[11~13],無(wú)論是雌孕激素連續(xù)聯(lián)合治療,還是單用雌激素治療,均不能改善認(rèn)知功能障礙,反可增加AD發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)性。其原因尚不清楚。Cardona-Gomez P等[14]對(duì)wister雌性成年大鼠行卵巢去勢(shì)術(shù)后1個(gè)月后皮下注射17-β雌二醇(17-β E2)300μg/只,分別于用藥后30min、1h、6h處死大鼠取海馬,發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢去勢(shì)組GSK-3β活性和tau蛋白的磷酸化程度在17-βE2處理后1h較對(duì)照組增加2倍,6h后回復(fù)至對(duì)照組水平。筆者推測(cè)雌激素可能通過抑制GSK-3β活性,改善tau蛋白的異常過度磷酸化。但Papasozomenos SC等[15]通過卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠模型發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)充苯甲酸雌二醇不能阻止熱休克導(dǎo)致的大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白過度磷酸化,也不能抑制熱休克導(dǎo)致的GSK-3β過度激活。本研究結(jié)果顯示,補(bǔ)充雌激素后,卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠海馬區(qū)tau蛋白在Ser199/202位點(diǎn)的非磷酸化水平增加,但在Ser396/404位點(diǎn)的磷酸化水平也增加,提示補(bǔ)充雌激素并不能逆轉(zhuǎn)卵巢去勢(shì)大鼠tau蛋白過度磷酸化。由于Ser199/202和Ser396/404位點(diǎn)受多種蛋白激酶和蛋白磷脂酶的影響,在整體水平上補(bǔ)充雌激素必然會(huì)引起這個(gè)復(fù)雜的酶系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)。因此,補(bǔ)充雌激素是否能逆轉(zhuǎn)tau蛋白過度磷酸化進(jìn)而防止神經(jīng)細(xì)胞退化還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
1 代小燕,劉義,王澤華,等. 去勢(shì)雌性大鼠海馬區(qū)Tau蛋白Alzheimer樣磷酸化的變化. 生殖醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2005,14(2): 83-85.
2 Bennccib M, Gong CX, Grundke-Iqbal I,et al.Role of protein phosphatase-2A and -1 in the regulation of GSK-3,CDK-5 and CDK2 and the phosphorylation of tau in rat for brain .FEBS ,Lett 2000,485:87-93.
3 Bennecib M, Gong CX, Grundke-Iqbal I, et al. Inhibition of PP-2A upregulates CaMKII in rat forebrain and induces hyperphosphorylation of tau at Ser262/356. FEBS, Lett 2001, 490: 15-22.
4 Flaberty DB. Phosphorylation of human tau protein by microtubule-associated kinases:GSK3beta and CDK5 are key participants. J Neurosci Res,2000,62:463-472.
5 Iqbal K. Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration: therapeutic targets and high-throughout assays. J Mol Neurosci,2003,20(3):425-429.
6 聶偉,張永祥.雌激素與阿爾采末病.生理科學(xué)進(jìn)展,2000,31(1):65-68.
7 Hestiantor A, Swaab DF. Changes in estorgen receptor alpha and beta in the infundibular nucleus of the human hypothalamus are related to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. J clin Endocrinol me[x]tab, 2004,89(4):1912-1925.
8 Cardona Gomez P, Perez M, Avila J, et al. Estradiol inhibits GSK3 and regulates interaction of estrogen receptors, GSK3, and beta catenin in the hypothalamus. Mol Cell Neurosci,2004,25(3):363-373.
9 譚寧,孟艷,姬志娟,等.卵巢去勢(shì)引起神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白改變與UPAN的作用.中國(guó)藥理學(xué)通報(bào),2003,19:787-790.
10 Rissman RA.Caspase-cleavage of tau is an early event in Alzheimer disease tangle pathology. J Clin Invest,2004,114:121-130.
11 Espeland MA.Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA,2004,291(24):2959-2968.
12 Shumar SA. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA,2004,291(24):2947-2958.
13 Shumar SA.Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA,2003,289(20):2651-2662.
14 ardona-Gomez P, Perez M, Avila J, et al.Estradiol inhibits GSK3 and regulates interaction of estrogen receptors, GSK3, and beta-catenin in the hippocampus. Mol Cell Neurosci,2004,25(3):363-373.
15 Papasozomenos SC,Shanavas A. The heat shock- induced hyperphosphorylation of tau is estrogen-independent and prevented by androgens:implications for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2002,99(3):1140-1145.